Maternal obesity linked to birth defects
A major study has found that women who are obese when they conceive are more likely to have a baby with serious birth defects.
Risks of any major congenital malformation and several subgroups of organ specific malformations progressively increased with maternal overweight and increasing severity of obesity.
The study concluded that for women who are planning a pregnancy, efforts should be taken to encourage a reduced adiposity in those with a BMI above the healthy range, therefore greater than 25.
Read MoreGlobal research project reveals 30% of the world’s population affected by weight problems
A new study has found that globally more than 2 billion children and adults suffer from health problems related to being overweight or obese.
In 2015, of the 4 million deaths attributed to excess weight, nearly 40% occurred in people who had a body mass index that fell below the threshold considered ‘obese’.
According to authors of the paper in The New England Journal of Medicine, the findings represent “a growing and disturbing public health crisis”.
Excess weight affected 2.2 billion children and adults worldwide in 2015, or 30% of all people. This includes nearly 108 million children and more than 600 million adults with BMI exceeding 30, the threshold for obesity, according to the study. The prevalence of obesity has doubled since 1980 in more than 70 countries and has continuously increased in most other nations.
“Excess body weight is one of the most challenging public health problems of our time, affecting nearly one in every three people,” said Dr. Ashkan Afshin, the paper’s lead author.
Read MoreAmerican Medical Association approves obesity training
Following finding that 53% of health professionals have reported needing more training in obesity management, and 50% having requesed better tools to help patients understand obesity risks, the American Medical Association has approved a policy to offer training to health professionals for obesity prevention and management.
Medical students in the United States will now be trained to prevent, diagnose and manage obesity.
“Obesity continues to impact the health of a great number of people across the country, contributing to an increase in associated conditions such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes,” Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, MD, AMA Board Member, said in a press release. “We know that the health consequences and financial burden of obesity are devastating, yet many of our medical students and physicians are unaware of how to address obesity in their patients. We must ensure that all physicians and physicians-in-training have the tools and information they need to better understand obesity so they can provide their patients with the best care possible.”
Read MoreNew type of weight measurement more accurate than BMI in teenagers
Researchers from the University of Alabama have found that triponderal body mass index (TMI) may be more accurate than BMI in estimating body fat amongst adolescents. In a study published in JAMA Paediatrics the researchers found that during adolescent development, weight was not proportional to height squared, which is the calculation for BMI. By examining data from 2,285 children and adolescents, in the Nutrition and Health Examination Survey, they found that TMI estimated body fat better than BMI. TMI itself is calculated by dividing weight by the cube of the height, they also reported that comparing TMI was much easier as it did not involve complicated percentiles, as comparing BMI does.
One particular area that the authors found BMI to be worse than TMI was the incorrect diagnosis of overweight. BMI calculations would do this 19.4% of the time, whilst TMI would result in 8.4% incorrect diagnoses, this data is especially important in lean adolescents. The authors stress that tracking body fat through adolescence is difficult as there is a complex relationship between height and weight due to the commencement of puberty. Further to this they highlighted that TMI should be considered in the context of other health and demographic factors. It is hoped that more research will be undertaken to assess the accuracy of TMI in a wider range of ethnicities and age ranges.
Read MoreChildhood obesity quadruples risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes
According to a large-scale study published in the Journal of the Endocrine Society a child with obesity faces a four-fold increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes by the time they are 25 than their normal weight counterparts. The study examined data from 375 GP practices around the UK, using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. In total this amounted to 369,362 children between the ages of 2 and 15. Children and adolescents with obesity constituted nearly half of all diagnoses of Type 2 Diabetes between 1994 and 2013. As expected, there was no relationship between obesity and Type 1 diabetes, which is caused by an underlying autoimmune disorder.
Dr Ali Abbasi, lead author from King’s College London said, “given that diabetes and obesity are preventable from early life, our findings and other research will hopefully motivate the public and policymakers to invest and engage in diabetes prevention efforts.” Both obesity and type 2 diabetes are large scale health problems that often present together, hopefully this research will be taken into account by experts and policy makers in the future.
Read MoreHow to save billions in medical costs with small changes
A team from Johns Hopkins University has found that increasing the percentage of elementary school children (ages 8-11) in the US who participate in 25 minutes of exercise three times a week from 32% to 50% could save $21.9 billion. This number is a combination of medical costs and lost wages over the course of a lifetime. They also reported that there would be a reduction in the amount of overweight and obese children by 4.18% (equating to 1.2 million people). For the study, the team developed a computational model that relied on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; they found that on average, 32% of children aged 8-11 get 25 minutes of physical activity three times a week.
The authors are keen to point out that their research shows that not only will encouraging exercise in children reap health benefits, but will pay big dividends when they grow up. They were also keen to admit that the savings are most likely an underestimate as there are other costs that weren’t taken into account, such as improving bone density and improving muscle mass. According to this data, schools in the USA should add more to their physical education programmes, as it is not only in the children’s best interests, but also the nation’s.
Read MoreSchool based nutrition intervention improves BMI
A California-based programme that aims to improve children’s dietary behaviours and prevent obesity has been shown to be effective. The initiative was called ‘The Shaping Healthy Choices Program’ and involved 409 students aged 9-10, split into a control group and an intervention group. The program itself took place over the course of a year and involved the use of gardens established at the school and education on fruit and vegetables. This was also supplemented by cooking demonstrations and health fairs for the parents as well as the public.
As a result of the program, students showed vast improvements on nutritional knowledge and vegetable identification. The intake of fruit and vegetables in the intervention group however did not increase as hoped, however significant improvements in BMI were seen in this arm of the trial, with the overweight and obese population declining from 55.6% to 37.8%. The authors hope that this is due to the positive health messages that are conveyed through the programme, and are keen for these types of programmes to be used in the community so that a wider range of individuals may benefit.
Read MoreRoutine and regular bedtimes may help stave off obesity
A study from the Ohio State University has concluded that regular bedtimes, mealtimes, and limited screen time is related to emotional health and obesity in preschool children. The study has been published in the International Journal of Obesity, and uses data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. For the research itself, data from 10,955 children was included; this was then combined with reports of routine and self-regulation to make the link with obesity rates. Regular bedtimes, mealtimes and limited screen times were all associated with improved emotional health regulation, children with greater dysregulation were more likely to be obese in later life. Even children who ‘usually’ had a bedtime had much higher rates of emotional dysregulation than those who ‘always’ had a bedtime.
It is hoped that this research will prompt further work into looking at the role of emotional self-regulation in weight gain and how routines can support healthy development. It is important to note that this work does not prove that routines prevent obesity, only that they improve emotion regulation, which in turn has a large effect on obesity.
Read MoreWeight management program reduces job absenteeism
Obesity does not only have direct medical costs, but it also has wider economic costs that many of us do not think about. Examples of this are, missed time from work and lost productivity. This study, from the University of Michigan, aimed to analyse the effects of a weight management program with the focus being the impact that it had at work. The program itself is billed as a two year, multicomponent and multidisciplinary program for people with moderate to severe obesity. Low-calorie meal replacements are used in the early stages with a stepwise progression to food based diets and an eventual change in behaviour being the final outcome.
92 participants from a range of industries were involved in the study, the program itself was shortened to six months. However, the individuals lost an average of 41 pounds, further to this it was reported that before the program was initiated they were spending 5.2 fewer hours at work than what their employers expected, after the program they were spending 6.4 hours more than expected. A change in job performance was not seen, therefore the authors are hoping to further this research to discover if they can affect job productivity.
Read MoreMetabolic syndrome branded the new ‘silent killer’
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of three or more risk factors that increase your chances of developing heart disease, stroke and diabetes. These include, but are not limited to – increased blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Now, researchers from Florida Atlantic University, are claiming that metabolic syndrome has become a ‘silent killer’ of the modern age. They estimate that 1 in 3 adults in the USA are affected by metabolic syndrome, and as obesity is a major accelerator for the development of the problem, they say that being overweight is overtaking smoking as the leading avoidable cause of premature death in the US.
They have warned that individuals with metabolic syndrome remain largely asymptomatic, but have a similar risk of a first coronary event as those who have suffered one before. It is also suggested that metabolic syndrome is underdiagnosed and undertreated. In the commentary the researchers stress the importance of therapeutic lifestyle changes beginning in childhood as they estimate that the current generation of children and adolescents in the USA will be the first since 1960 to have higher mortality rates than their parents due mainly to cardiovascular disease. The export of the American diet and lifestyle was also accused of increasing global rates of obesity and physical inactivity. It is hoped that from now, metabolic syndrome will become more understood and clinicians will look for it in their patients in order to stop this growing problem.
Read MoreShould weight loss be included in pain management?
A study from Leeds Beckett University has suggested that weight loss programmes should become part of pain management for obese patients. The team investigated 74 patients who were divided into groups according to their weight. They then applied pressure, cold and heat to different areas of their bodies. According to the researchers, obese patients are more susceptible to pressure pain than their normal weight counterparts. A similar result was found in the overweight participants. There was no difference in heat tolerance between the groups.
Study author, Dr Osama Tashini, explained that obese people are highly likely to experience pressure pain due to the mechanical impact of increased weight on their joints; this study found that it was not only the joints where they experienced high amounts of pain. Therefore, he has proposed, that as part of a normal pain management plan, overweight and obese patients should be counselled in weight loss. He did however point out that the study did not display clear causality, as obese patients may have been more sensitive to pressure pain before they gained weight, and were therefore more likely to not partake in physical activity.
Read MoreIs birth weight a risk factor for fatty liver disease?
A study from the University of California has found that children with a high birth weight are more likely to develop hepatitis from fatty liver disease. This is after researchers conducted a study in 530 individuals under the age of 21 who had a confirmed diagnosis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). They collected the birth weights of the individuals and found the link. Interestingly, they also found that children with a lower birth weight were more likely to develop scarring of the liver.
NAFLD describes a spectrum of diseases that begin with fatty deposits on the liver, as this disease progresses, the liver can become fibrotic and then enters a period of cirrhosis, which means it is permanently scarred. In extreme cases this can eventually lead to liver cancer. Birthweight itself involves many factors including maternal and in utero, this is one of the first studies to identify the risks of both extremes of weight in relation to developing NAFLD in later life.
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