Cancer mutation uses fat for fuel
New research published in Cell Metabolism has found that a certain melanoma mutation will cause the cancer to grow faster in a high-fat diet. The study was conducted on mice and found that cancers driven by a mutation in BRAF V600E (which is found in 60% of all melanomas) would thrive when the mice were given high-fat diets, alternatively, when they were fed lipid-lowering diets, the growth of the cancers slowed considerably. Most cancer cells display high glucose uptake, and recently low-carbohydrate diets have been tried as a therapeutic strategy against cancer. This research highlights that other factors could be at play, such as the BRAF V600E gene mutation; in this case a low-carbohydrate diet would not be helpful.
The research highlights the idea that diets can be specifically tailored to an individual’s needs, especially to prevent or delay tumour progression. Whilst human cancers can differ slightly in their metabolic properties, the researchers stress that this data could lead to more research into the designing of dietary regimens for cancer patients. At this point the researchers cannot be clear about which types of diets may trigger this, however they have managed to identify a compound known as acetoacetate as one of the triggers of this phenomenon, more research is being conducted.
Read MoreCancer-fighting drugs help weight loss
Researchers from the Mayo clinic have found that two common anti-cancer drugs have caused significant weight loss in mice. This effect was seen even though the mice continued consuming a high-fat diet. Originally, this research was conducted to address obesity’s impact on cancer treatment, however the shift of focus occurred once the weight loss was observed. The two drugs, methotrexate and cyclophosphamide were dosed to a level that reversed obesity, but without detectable toxicity. They also tested the drugs in mice without cancer and observed the same results.
The researchers were especially surprised by the ease in which they were able to reverse obesity, when compared to current strategies. They also controlled for other factors that may have influenced the outcome, such as ensuring that the mice were moving the same amount and consuming the same number of calories. The multiple effects of methotrexate and cyclophosphamide all came together to produce this outcome by depleting fat cell precursors. The researchers hypothesised that treatment with these drugs can lead to the liver burning off fat rather than keeping it in storage, however more research must be carried out to explore the full mechanisms of the drugs.
Read MoreBlood tests can help predict surgery outcome
New research suggests that by calculating the ratio of circulating fatty acids, we may be able to predict the outcome of bariatric surgery. The study examined whether the ratios of serum stearic acid/palmitic acid (S/P) would be a reliable marker in predicting diabetes remission and assessing metabolic status. Two independent cohorts were assessed, totalling 413 participants. It was found that patients who had a higher level of S/P before surgery had a greater chance of diabetes remission.
By adding S/P ratio to HbA1c levels and fasting C-peptide the predictive potential of these tests has increased significantly. A similar measure was found in the second cohort of patients, highlighting the possible use of S/P ratio as a novel marker in preoperative assessment. The researchers are hoping that this study could help inform healthcare providers on who would benefit most from bariatric surgery.
Read MoreNew detoxifying diet results in significant weight loss
Researchers from Skidmore College have developed a new ‘protein-paced’ diet (P-CR) that is based on consuming a low number of calories and intermittent fasting. They found that P-CR not only helps weight loss, but also enhances heart health, releases toxins from the body and reduces oxidative stress. P-CR itself involves consuming four to six meals a day, each with 20-25 grams of protein. The lead author, Paul Arciero, has also found that P-CR demonstrated sustained improvements in body weight, heart health and toxins when compared to traditional ‘heart-healthy’ diets.
Previous research has shown that weight loss can in fact release toxins into the blood, which is a natural reaction; P-CR is able to counter this by subsequently releasing those toxins from the body. Importantly, Arciero wanted to highlight that scientific evidence is now available that confirms that the quality of your diet matters, and through P-CR you can address a range of metabolic issues through diet alone.
Read MoreDoes obesity affect your memory?
A new study from Indiana University has found that memory training has only a third of the benefit to older adults with obesity than it does to their normal weight counterparts. The researchers followed cognition over a period of 10 years and compared the trajectories of a sample of adults. They are unsure as to the specific mechanism of this, with one hypothesis being that obesity reduces the size of the hippocampus, so there is less capacity for new memories. Approximately 2,800 individuals with an average age of 74 took part in the study.
Whilst much research has been done to develop weight loss programs, this research highlights the importance of protecting memory function, especially with the growing age of the population and the ever increasing rate of obesity. Different types of memory training were used in the study, such as memory, reasoning and speed of processing, but the largest change was seen in the memory field.
Read MoreAPPG Meeting Monday 5th December 2016
On Monday the 5th of December, the Obesity APPG and guests, including CCH, were invited to meet at the Houses of Parliament in Westminster to discuss the government’s proposed sugar levy. Before opening the floor to questions and comments from the audience, 2 speakers from their respective institutions, described their stance on the levy, what their institutions had previously implemented in regards to public health, and what else needed to happen in order to make this particular public health initiative a success.
The first of the speakers was from Coca-Cola. He described Coca-Cola’s history with reformulation and how the creation of new beverages, such as Diet Coke and Coke Zero, have removed sugar from their ingredients entirely. He also described that without being asked, Coca -Cola had slowly been reducing the sugar content of their regular drinks for the last couple of decades, eliminating tons worth of sugar from the UK’s national diet. He also described how the Diet and Zero versions of their brands now outsell their “regular” counterparts by a ratio of 60 to 40, a concerted effort by Coca-Cola to reduce national sugar consumption. While not entirely opposed to the ban, he thought it was unfair to specifically target soft drinks and not other consumer goods like flavoured milk or juices that contain as much sugar, if not more, than soft drinks, or even food with excessive quantities of added sugar. He stated sugary drinks account for less than 4% of the daily calorie intake in the teenage age group, who are the biggest group of consumers of soft drinks. The point was also made that during the time in which Coca-Cola were reducing their sugar content, without government pressure, obesity in fact rose between 3-4%.
The next speaker was a member of British Retail Consortium (BRC), a representative body for the retail sector in the UK, which encompasses major supermarkets, food-to-go and also clothing retailers. He said that the BRC have a distinct position on many of the elements of the obesity plan, but the main element they were focusing on that day was the voluntary targets around sugar reduction. The BRC representative stated that there needs to be a focus on sugar, but agreed with the Coca-Cola representative that there’s a risk with focusing too much on sugar because it negates the responsibility to potentially focus on other unhealthy nutrients like salt and saturated fats, but recognised the core element of this plan was going to be sugar. Not only did the BRC have concerns about focusing too much on sugar, they also had concerns with the voluntary nature of the sugar reduction targets based on their experience with the public health field. Having a voluntary target means that there was no major reduction in sugar consumption, and from a retailer’s perspective there was a competitive disadvantage as some retailers discovered that they were seeing a fall in sales. The BRC was not totally in favour of mandatory targets, but if the government are going to implement targets, they should be mandatory and not voluntary as they are most effective that way. If you want to have a reduction across the board, you have to have a level playing field and draw a line in the sand. You have to state what the target is, and everyone has got to work towards it or it presents an unfair challenge with those willing to oblige and those who aren’t.
The question was then proposed, how do you think the government could provide better support for teachers and to schools to reduce the childhood obesity rate, and should more focus be placed upon physical activity? The Coca Cola representative suggested that schools provide a mostly healthy balanced diet, and the quality of dietary advice at schools has improved, and it’s when the child is at home or on holidays where they lose their fitness, and they begin to struggle with staying healthy and fit and perhaps more emphasis should be placed on habits at home.
Elaine Wyllie, the founder of the child’s activity initiative The Daily Mile Foundation, spoke about how there was too much emphasis on diet, which she acknowledged was very important, but still not enough emphasis on physical activity. She described how the idea for The Daily Mile was conceived while working as a head teacher in Edinburgh. Elaine noticed that many of the children at the school were unfit and were becoming more overweight as they progressed through primary school. She took a class of students out to the school’s field and many of them were almost instantly out of breath. After a few weeks of physical activity, just running around the school’s yard for 15 minutes, there was a distinct and very noticeable difference in the fitness and performance of students.
The main conclusion that was drawn from the event was that there is no one single way in which to tackle the obesity crisis. The obesity crisis is a problem that has multiple factors and facets that need to be approached in all manner of different ways, but it was mostly a consensus that sugar was certainly a contributor to the crisis, and that the sugar taxes’ implementation, while not perfect, was mostly a good thing.
Read MoreTeenage gastric bypass surgery and future complications
In a long term follow up study published in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology it has been found that gastric bypass surgery helps severely obese teenagers keep weight off. The study aimed to assess the long-term effects of gastric bypass and any complications that were associated with this type of surgery. The study showed that whilst bypass surgery dramatically reduces teenagers’ weight, it could also lead to complications such as vitamin deficiencies. The researchers also found that, even though large weight loss had occurred, a third of the teenagers remained obese – meaning that earlier intervention may be needed along with lifestyle and dietary changes.
The lead author, Dr Thomas Inge, stressed that the study clearly showed the long-term benefits of bariatric surgery; however several nutritional risks have also been highlighted. The aim now is to focus on the health advantages whilst minimising these risks. It is clear that long-term follow up and care must be provided by centres that perform gastric bypass in teenagers, as the complications that follow could cause more problems in the future.
Read MoreInactivity breeds inactivity
A new study published in Cell Metabolism has found that inactivity leads to further decreased motivation to move. The study was conducted in mice and aimed to shed light on why people, or animals, with obesity were less active. The findings suggest that there is more to it than extra body weight being disabling. The study’s senior author, Alexxai V Kravitz, has a background in Parkinson research, and he was struck by how much Parkinsonian mice behaved like obese mice; he therefore hypothesised that the dopamine systems were dysfunctional in both groups. In this study, mice were fed either a normal or a high-fat diet for 18 weeks. They found that the high-fat diet mice began to move less before they gained the majority of their weight, suggesting that it was not excess weight alone that is responsible for this behaviour.
Dopamine is critical for movement and the researchers found that the obese mice had deficits in the D2 dopamine receptor. They were keen to point out that there are likely to be many other factors at play, but the deficit in D2 goes a long way to explaining the lack of activity. The researchers also studied the connection between inactivity and weight gain, to see whether it was causative. Kravitz explained that ‘in many cases willpower is invoked as a way to modify behaviour, but if we don’t understand the underlying physical basis for that behaviour, it’s difficult to say that willpower alone can solve it.’ Further to this, if we can discover the physiological causes as to why many obese people are less active, it may help reduce stigma towards them and help with the development of future treatments for obesity.
Read MoreSugar free drinks no better than full sugar drinks
With the UK introducing a levy on sugary drinks, expected to take effect in 2018, much research as to the effects of ‘sugar-free’ drinks is currently underway. One study from Imperial College London has found that sugar free drinks are no more helpful for maintaining weight than their full-sugar counterparts. Artificially-sweetened beverages (ASBs) are used as alternatives to full-sugar drinks and are often called ‘diet’ versions, to this end many consumers perceive them as the healthier option. However, this study found that there is no solid evidence to support this theory.
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) make up a third of UK teenagers’ sugar intake, and nearly half of all sugar intake in the USA, they contain few essential nutrients and have been proven to increase levels of obesity and diabetes. ASBs make up a quarter of the global sweetened beverages market; however they are not taxed to the same extent as SSBs, perhaps because of their perceived ‘healthiness’. The researchers suggest that ASBs might trigger compensatory food intake by stimulating sweet taste receptors and resulting in overconsumption of other foods. Whilst there is no direct evidence for a role of ASBs in weight gain, the researchers did not find any evidence suggesting that they were involved in weight loss when compared to their full sugar versions. The authors clearly stated that ASBs may be contributing to the global obesity crisis and should not be promoted as part of a healthy diet.
Read MoreEating routinely may help shed fat
A recent study was conducted at the University of Alabama to determine whether changing a person’s eating schedule could help them lose weight. This is one of the first human tests of early time-restricted feeding (eTRF) and it found that this type of meal timing can reduce swings in hunger and alter fat burning patterns. With eTRF people eat their last meal of the day by mid-afternoon and do not eat again until breakfast the next morning; essentially, the study suggests that eating during a much smaller window of time than one usually does can lead to weight loss. eTRF is associated with an 18-hour fasting period, the researchers claim that this keeps appetite levels more even throughout the day.
It is known that many aspects of the metabolism function to their optimum level at the beginning of the day; this diet seeks to exploit that and align with the circadian clock of the body. This study was conducted in 11 men and women with excess weight over four days, food intake was monitored as was calorie burning. Although eTRF did not alter the number of calories burned, it did reduce daily hunger swings and increased fat burning levels during night. This study was performed in a small sample size, therefore more research must be undertaken in this area in order to better understand its mechanisms and reliability.
Should there be more PE at school and clearer labelling?
A recent ComRes poll has indicated that a third (34%) of Britons believe that increasing the amount of mandatory physical education in schools would be one of the most effective ways of reducing levels of obesity. 33% also suggest that clearer food labelling would also help address obesity within the UK. At the moment, schools in the UK must include PE in their curriculums, however they are allowed to decide how much time is spent in these lessons, after the government target of 2 hours a week was scrapped five years ago.
Further to this, 23% thought that a ban on junk food advertising before the watershed would also aid in the fight against obesity. Similar percentages (24% and 21% respectively) would also like to see supermarkets lend their weight to the fight by encouraging the purchase of healthy items and introducing bans on promotion of unhealthy foods. Barbara Dinsdale, Head of Lifestyle at heart Research UK explained that Britons want to see clear information and to be incentivised to make healthy choices. The poll itself was conducted in partnership with the launch of the annual JanUary campaign (formerly National Obesity Awareness Week), which is championed by the National Obesity Forum and Heart Research UK.
Read MoreDoes good-tasting food directly cause weight gain?
A new study from the Monell Center in Philadelphia has found that desirable food in and of itself does not lead to weight gain. The study used mouse models in order to research the effects of good tasting food on overeating. Previous studies have shown that mice will show an affinity for tasty human foods such as chocolate chip cookies and crisps. However, this study aimed to examine whether the taste of food actually drives overeating. The researchers designed a series of experiments that assessed what types of food the mice liked; they then placed different groups of mice on a variety of diets. They found that the mice that ate the sweet and oily foods were no heavier than those that ate the plain foods.
These results were repeated over a period of six weeks, however food choice and overeating are complex mechanisms, many factors come in to play and therefore these results must be understood as being part of a much larger area of research. The study authors are hopeful that the results show that it is possible to create foods that are both healthy and good-tasting; however this research must be furthered to get to that point.
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