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Significant weight loss improves metabolism, mood, and decision-making in individuals with obesity
Severe obesity not only predisposes individuals to a variety of health risks but also significantly alters their metabolic functions and psychological states. Historically, it was believed that individuals with severe obesity tended to display heightened impulsivity and a greater propensity for risk-taking. However, recent research conducted by scientists at the DZD partner German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE) has explored whether substantial weight loss could reverse these effects, enhancing both metabolic and psychological conditions and thereby improving decision-making processes. These findings have been elucidated in the publication ‘Clinical Nutrition‘.
Human behaviour is influenced by a myriad of factors including personality traits and internal physiological signals like glucose metabolism and mood states. In individuals with obesity, these internal signals are often disrupted, leading to unreliable decision-making foundations. Beatrix Keweloh, a doctoral researcher in the Department of Neuroscience of Decision and Nutrition, spearheaded an intervention study to investigate if these impairments could be reversed through significant weight loss. The study involved 62 participants, aged 18 to 75, all with severe obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m2). They underwent a rigorous 10-week diet limiting their daily caloric intake to 800 kilocalories.
Measurements of participants’ weight, body fat, mood (via a questionnaire), and risk-taking tendencies (using a computer-based test) were taken at both the start and conclusion of the diet. Results demonstrated a considerable decrease in BMI and HbA1c levels—markers of glucose metabolism—and notable improvements in mood. Additionally, there was a shift towards more risk-averse behaviours, suggesting a direct correlation between BMI and risk behaviour in individuals with obesity. “Our findings also indicated that the metabolic factor HbA1c becomes a predominant predictor of risk-taking behaviours post-weight loss,” commented Beatrix Keweloh.
The study further noted that post-weight loss, mood had a diminished impact on decision-making, with metabolic signals becoming the primary influencers of risk behaviour. “Weight loss positively impacts glucose metabolism and mood, and importantly, restores the regulatory function of glucose metabolism in decision-making processes,” Keweloh summarised.
The interplay between weight loss and the metabolic and psychological factors influencing risk-taking is intricate, with BMI playing a pivotal role. A reduced propensity for risk-taking correlates with a healthier lifestyle, crucial for both achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight. Consequently, interventions aimed at managing weight should incorporate both metabolic and psychological considerations to prevent relapses and foster metabolically driven decisions.
“This study is pioneering as it considers both metabolic and psychological aspects in overweight individuals,” stated Prof. Soyoung Q Park, head of the Department of Neuroscience of Decision and Nutrition. “It marks a significant contribution to the field, although it also highlights the necessity for further research to fully comprehend how energy balance and psychological factors influence our choices.”
Globally, the prevalence of obesity is escalating rapidly. According to a report in the British journal ‘Lancet’, over one billion individuals are affected worldwide, out of a global population of approximately eight billion. Data from the Federal Statistical Office reveal that in Germany alone, around 42 percent of women and 62 percent of men are considered to have either overweight or obesity. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies individuals with a BMI over 25 as having overweight and over 30 as having obesity.
In studies assessing risk-taking tendencies, various methodologies are employed, such as computerised lottery tasks. In this particular study, a conventional lottery task was utilised where participants made choices between a guaranteed monetary amount and a variable amount, with a 50 percent chance of winning in each scenario.
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Significant link between obesity and cognitive decline revealed by Chinese research
A recent study conducted in China has established a significant connection between obesity and the deterioration of brain health, suggesting that individuals with obesity may suffer from a reduction in brain volume akin to the effects seen after 12 years of ageing.
Researchers from Tsinghua University and Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital undertook a comprehensive study spanning 16 years, during which they monitored the body mass index (BMI) and brain health of over 1,000 Chinese adults across various age groups. The findings of this research were derived from neuroimaging data, which highlighted a distinct association between obesity and several markers of cognitive decline. These markers include diminished brain volume, an increase in white matter lesions, and compromised microstructural integrity of the brain.
In the context of China’s health standards, an individual with a BMI exceeding 24 is categorised as having overweight, and obesity is defined at a BMI threshold of 28. The study, published in the journal Health Data Science, notes a critical finding: individuals under the age of 45 with a BMI over 26.2 exhibit brain volume reductions equivalent to the natural age-related decline observed over 12 years.
This research was spotlighted by the state media outlet Life Times, which stressed the study’s recommendation for younger individuals to maintain a BMI below 26.2 to safeguard their cognitive health. The report emphasised the absence of health benefits in being overweight, stating, “There is no healthy overweight person.”
The implications of obesity on brain health are not unique to China. A related study published in 2023 by a Lancet sub-journal, involving 10,000 participants from across Asia, corroborated these findings. This study illustrated that an increase of 0.27 kilograms in visceral fat correlates with 0.7 years of cognitive ageing for the average person.
Concerns are growing regarding the future health landscape of the Asia-Pacific region, as the authors of the study forecast a surge in dementia cases coinciding with increasing obesity levels and an ageing population. The region, which currently sees approximately 4 million new dementia cases annually—accounting for 40% of the global incidence—is also witnessing a rise in obesity rates that surpass the global average by about 7%.
A separate 2023 study, encompassing nearly 15.8 million adults from more than 240 Chinese cities, reported that 34.8% of the subjects had overweight and 14.1% were classified as having obesity. The study further noted a higher propensity for obesity and overweight conditions among men compared to women, with affected individuals more likely to suffer from health issues such as fatty liver disease, prediabetes, and hypertension.
Sun Dejin, a neurologist from Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, shared insights with Life Times regarding the severe impact of obesity on cognitive functions. According to Sun, obesity leads to notable cognitive impairments, including deteriorations in thinking, learning, and memory capabilities. He warned that if these cognitive declines are not addressed, they could progress to dementia, posing severe risks to overall health and well-being.
This body of research collectively underscores the critical need for managing obesity to mitigate its profound effects on brain health and cognitive function.
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High olive oil consumption linked to reduced risk of dementia-related mortality
Recent research highlights a significant association between high olive oil consumption and a decreased risk of mortality due to dementia, regardless of overall diet quality. This insight comes from a prospective study involving over 92,000 participants, suggesting that an intake of at least 7 grams of olive oil daily — approximately half a tablespoon — is linked with a 28% reduction in the risk of dementia-related death.
The research also examined the health benefits of substituting olive oil for more commonly used fats like margarine and mayonnaise. “Replacing one teaspoon of margarine and mayonnaise with the equivalent amount of olive oil was associated with an 8%-14% lower risk for dementia-related mortality,” Anne-Julie Tessier, RD, PhD, from the Department of Nutrition at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, shared with Medscape Medical News. She emphasised the advantages of opting for natural products like olive oil over more processed fats, highlighting their potential in reducing the risk of fatal dementia. However, Tessier added, “intervention studies are needed to confirm causal effect and optimal quantity of olive oil intake.”
Published on the 6th of May, 2024, in JAMA Network Open, the study leveraged data from the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, which tracked over 92,000 participants from 1990 to 2018. These individuals, who were free from cardiovascular disease and cancer at the start, were monitored for dietary habits every four years through a food frequency questionnaire and for dementia-related mortality via death records.
The findings showed no interaction by diet quality scores, meaning the reduced risk associated with olive oil consumption occurred independently of overall diet quality. Tessier pointed out that while typically, “people who use olive oil for cooking or as a dressing have an overall better quality of their diet, but interestingly, we found the association between more olive oil and reduced risk of dementia-related death to be regardless of this factor.”
The study acknowledges several limitations, including its observational nature, which makes it challenging to establish cause and effect. “It is also plausible that higher olive oil intake could be indicative of a healthier diet and higher socioeconomic status, although the results remained consistent after accounting for these factors,” the authors noted.
Commenting on the implications of the findings, Rebecca M. Edelmayer, PhD, senior director of scientific engagement for the Alzheimer’s Association, noted the correlation shown by the study but cautioned against drawing causal conclusions. “It would be wonderful if a particular food could delay or prevent Alzheimer’s disease, but we do not have scientific evidence that these claims are true,” Edelmayer commented. She highlighted the necessity for randomised controlled clinical trials to establish whether any foods, including olive oil, have a scientifically proven beneficial effect on cognitive decline and dementia.
This study underscores a promising link between olive oil intake and a reduced risk of dementia-related death, suggesting potential protective benefits. However, further research, particularly interventional studies, is crucial to confirm these observations and understand the underlying mechanisms more fully.
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NICE approves digital health therapies for psychosis treatment in the NHS
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has officially approved three innovative digital therapies for incorporation into the treatment of psychosis within the NHS, pending further investigation into their benefits. This provisional approval, part of an early value assessment, encompasses AVATAR Therapy, SlowMo, and CareLoop, each targeting different aspects of psychosis management.
AVATAR Therapy utilises sophisticated software to create a digital representation or avatar of the distressing voices often heard by individuals suffering from psychosis. This digital approach involves patients in therapeutic dialogues spanning six to twelve sessions, wherein a mental health professional animates the avatar. This interaction is designed to facilitate a tripartite conversation, aiming to reduce the impact of auditory hallucinations.
SlowMo, on the other hand, emerges from a collaboration between the Psychosis Research Partnership at King’s College London and the Helen Hamlyn Centre for Design at the Royal College of Art. This therapy employs a web application linked to a smart device to help individuals recognise and moderate the rapid thought processes associated with psychosis, particularly paranoia. By slowing down these thoughts, the therapy aims to lessen the distress they cause.
The third therapy, CareLoop, is an application focused on preventing relapses. It enables patients to document their symptoms, thoughts, and feelings through a journaling feature and structured questionnaires. An underlying algorithm analyses these entries to detect early signs of potential relapse, allowing healthcare teams to intervene promptly.
These three digital health technologies are now available for use within NHS care teams on the condition that they actively collect and share data on their effectiveness over a three-year period, providing annual reports to NICE.
Furthermore, a separate assessment by NICE has recognised the potential of gameChangeVR, a virtual reality technology, for treating severe agoraphobic avoidance in individuals with psychosis, marking another step forward in digital health solutions for mental health.
NICE’s reports underline several advantages these digital therapies may offer, including improved accessibility to mental health services—which are currently under high demand and unevenly distributed across the NHS. These technologies not only provide an alternative treatment option for those unable to access traditional psychological interventions but also require no specialised training in cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis (CBTp), potentially broadening the pool of mental health professionals who can deliver these services. Additionally, when integrated with standard care, these digital solutions could decrease the frequency of therapy sessions needed.
Earlier in the year, NICE also supported the use of Brainomix’s stroke management software, further demonstrating its commitment to integrating digital health technologies into healthcare provision.
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Obesity and high-fat diets linked to swift vascular ageing in the brain
A new study conducted in mice traces how obesity and a high-fat diet may accelerate ageing in the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. The work is being presented this week at the American Physiology Summit, the flagship annual meeting of the American Physiological Society (APS), in Long Beach, California.
The findings suggest that obesity and a poor diet can cause damage to accumulate in the blood vessels, reducing the supply of oxygen to parts of the brain and ultimately leading to cognitive decline. The study could help scientists find ways to intervene and preserve brain function in people with obesity, which is estimated to affect about 42% of U.S. adults.
“This project highlights the critical roles of vascular components and cellular ageing in cognitive deterioration, pinpointing novel potential therapeutic targets for dementia prevention and treatment,” said Sharon Negri, PhD, the study’s first author and a postdoctoral research fellow in the laboratory of Stefano Tarantini, PhD, in the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
Previous research has found strong links between mid-life obesity and an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia later in life. The scientists sought to uncover the mechanisms behind this association, with a particular focus on the role of diet and vascular health.
To do this, the researchers studied the impact of a high-fat diet on blood flow to the brain and memory performance in aged mice with obesity. By using a special mouse model, they were also able to measure cellular senescence, a process when cells stop dividing and making new cells. Cellular senescence increases with ageing and contributes to a variety of ageing-associated diseases.
“Obesity may cause the cells in blood vessels in the brain to age faster and reach senescence. If a link between obesity and cellular senescence is established, it could open up new lines of investigation aimed at exploring therapeutic avenues to prevent or slow down the progression of senescence, with the potential to mitigate obesity-related health issues, including cognitive decline.” – Sharon Negri, PhD, study’s first author
The results showed that after three months, mice fed a high-fat diet had increased cellular senescence and reduced density of healthy blood vessels in the brain, as well as evidence of impaired learning in a maze test, compared with normal-weight mice fed a standard diet. In addition, the scientists found that removing the senescent cells using Navitoclax, an investigational cancer drug that selectively kills senescent cells, improved features of the brain vasculature.
If further experiments confirm that it is possible to reverse the detrimental effects of senescence, Negri and Tarantini next plan to evaluate whether various lifestyle interventions could help to prevent or reduce obesity-induced cognitive impairment.
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Obesity during youth could double the risk of multiple sclerosis in later life, research suggests
Children grappling with obesity might face a significantly higher likelihood of being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) in adulthood, according to recent research findings.
Multiple sclerosis is a condition that impacts the brain and spinal cord, leading to a wide array of potential symptoms, including challenges with vision, coordination in the arms or legs, sensation, or balance. As a lifelong affliction, MS can sometimes lead to severe disability.
These insights are set to be shared at the European Congress on Obesity, taking place in Venice this May, and stem from research conducted by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.
Prior studies have hinted at a connection between an elevated body mass index (BMI) during adolescence and a heightened risk of MS. However, the majority of these analyses relied on retrospective approaches and self-reported data, which could introduce biases.
The recent investigation aimed to prospectively assess the risk of MS development among a significant cohort of children with obesity in comparison to their counterparts in the broader population. To this end, the researchers turned to the Swedish Childhood Obesity Treatment Register, also known as Boris. This database stands as one of the globe’s most extensive records dedicated to the treatment of childhood obesity.
The team reviewed data pertaining to children between the ages of two and 19 who were enrolled in the registry from 1995 to 2020. This information was then juxtaposed with data from the general population of children.
In total, the study took into account data from over 21,600 children who commenced obesity treatment at an average age of 11, alongside more than 100,000 children without obesity.
Throughout an average tracking period of six years, MS was diagnosed in 28 children from the group with obesity (representing 0.13% of this cohort) and 58 children from the group without obesity (0.06%).
The average age at which MS was diagnosed remained similar across both groups, with diagnoses typically occurring around the age of 23.
While acknowledging certain limitations in their study, the researchers underscored: “Despite the limited follow-up time, our findings accentuate that childhood obesity amplifies the risk of developing early-onset MS by more than double.”
The study’s lead researchers, Associate Professor Emilia Hagman and Professor Claude Marcus, commented: “Obesity during childhood induces a low-grade, yet chronic inflammation, which likely elevates the risk of developing various conditions, including MS.”
They further elucidated that such chronic low-grade inflammation is believed to elevate the risk of other conditions, such as asthma, arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and certain cancers. Notably, they highlighted that weight loss can diminish inflammation, thereby potentially reducing the risk of developing these diseases.
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Definitive link between obesity and deteriorating mental health, particularly for women, uncovered
A recent comprehensive investigation, published in the esteemed journal PLOS ONE, unveils a concerning correlation between increased body mass index (BMI) and adverse mental health outcomes, such as heightened depression and diminished well-being, with this association being particularly pronounced amongst women.
Conducted by the School of Public Health at University College Cork, Ireland, the study highlights that lifestyle choices bear minimal influence on the mental health challenges associated with obesity. The research meticulously scrutinised the health records of 1,821 individuals, aged between 46 and 73, who were meticulously selected from a vast patient pool at a leading primary care facility.
The investigation meticulously evaluated the linkage between mental health indicators and obesity, employing BMI and waist-to-height ratios as primary metrics, while duly adjusting for lifestyle habits and pre-existing health conditions. Utilising the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale alongside the World Health Organization’s Five Well-Being Index, the study embarked on a holistic approach to gauge mental health.
Participants were required to undertake an overnight fasting session prior to submitting blood samples, which were analysed for fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin levels. In addition, measurements of height, weight, and waist circumference were conducted, facilitating precise BMI calculations.
The comprehensive health and lifestyle questionnaire completed by participants enabled researchers to meticulously analyse demographic data, lifestyle choices, and concurrent health conditions, thereby ensuring a nuanced understanding of the study’s demographic.
The findings startlingly indicated a direct association between obesity markers, such as elevated BMI and waist-to-height ratios, and increased depressive symptoms alongside lower well-being levels, with a notable disparity observed between genders, indicating a significantly more pronounced effect in women.
This revelation aligns with prior studies, reinforcing the intricate interplay between obesity, societal, and physiological factors. The stigma, discrimination, and social prejudice faced by individuals with obesity, coupled with physical ailments like joint and back pain, are identified as potential catalysts for depressive symptoms.
Experts, including Dr. Eva Panigrahi from The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, who was not involved in the study, underscore the biological nexus between obesity and depression. Dr. Panigrahi elaborates on the cyclical nature of this relationship, exacerbated by a myriad of physiological and psychopathological factors, further complicating the clinical picture.
The research advocates for targeted interventions aimed at mitigating depression through effective weight management strategies at the community level, underpinning the intricate relationship long observed between obesity and depression.
Dr. Mir Ali of the MemorialCare Surgical Weight Loss Center at Orange Coast Medical Center in California, echoes the sentiment that the interconnection between obesity and mental health is multifaceted, highlighting the persistent societal stigma and discrimination against those with obesity despite advancements in understanding its complexities.
The study also sheds light on the therapeutic potential of certain antidepressants that do not provoke weight gain, such as bupropion, and the efficacy of evidence-based psychotherapies like cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in treating depression and managing weight concurrently.
Key strengths of this investigation include the utilisation of validated depression and well-being scales, dual indexes for measuring adiposity, and equitable gender representation among participants. However, its limitation lies in the homogeneity of the study sample, predominantly European-Caucasian from a single primary care centre, potentially limiting the generalisability of the findings.
Furthermore, Dr. Panigrahi critiques the cross-sectional design of the study, which restricts the ability to establish causal relationships, a common challenge in observational research that gathers data at a single point in time. This limitation underscores the necessity for longitudinal studies to further elucidate the intricate dynamics between obesity and mental health, particularly across diverse populations.
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Unlocking the secrets of effective mental health therapy through AI: A groundbreaking study
In a landmark development within the healthcare sector, a recent study has shed light on the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models to revolutionise mental health therapy on a global scale. This study, which meticulously analysed over 20 million text-based counselling messages, offers new insights into the dynamics of successful therapy, marking a significant step forward in understanding and enhancing mental health treatment.
Published in the Journal of The American Medical Association (JAMA) Open, this research stands as the most extensive of its kind to date. The study employed AI to scrutinise more than 160,000 anonymised, text-based counselling sessions, encompassing a staggering total of 20 million texts. This approach has established a new precedent in mental health research, focusing not on substituting AI for human therapists, but on dissecting the efficacy of human interaction within behavioural health care.
The primary objective of this investigation was to illuminate how certain conversational elements in therapy could predict patient satisfaction, engagement, and clinical outcomes. By employing AI in a responsible manner, the researchers were able to unveil the correlation between the substance of mental health dialogues and key indicators of treatment success.
One of the study’s pivotal discoveries is the direct link between empathetic counselling and improved patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes. This finding suggests that AI can play a crucial role in bolstering the connection between therapists and their patients. The research also highlighted the importance of supportive counselling in achieving better patient outcomes, emphasising the critical role of human elements such as warmth, empathy, genuine curiosity, and insight in facilitating patient progress.
This collaborative research effort was spearheaded by health tech company Lyssn.io, known for its AI-based quality assurance and clinician training platform, and online therapy provider Talkspace. Talkspace, a New York City-based company established in 2012, offers asynchronous, text-based therapy and has significantly expanded access to mental health services through its platform, which serves approximately 113 million individuals through various partnerships.
The study utilised anonymised patient data provided by Talkspace, analysed using Lyssn’s advanced AI platform. This collaboration aimed to overcome the challenges associated with traditional methods of evaluating therapy quality, which are often labour-intensive, costly, and impractical on a large scale.
The utilisation of AI and large language models introduces a novel approach to examining the nuances of mental health therapy and the clinician-patient dialogue. This methodology promises to enhance clinician training by providing detailed feedback on therapeutic practices, ultimately leading to improved treatment outcomes, patient engagement, and satisfaction.
Furthermore, the study’s findings challenge the preconceived notion that AI and digital health technologies might dehumanise mental health therapy or replace human therapists. Instead, it underscores the potential of AI to enrich the therapeutic process, offering therapists additional tools and insights to enhance their interactions with clients, thereby fostering a stronger therapist-patient connection.
This research not only sets a new benchmark in mental health study but also opens the door to using AI in advancing mental health clinician training. By highlighting the indispensable value of human interaction in therapy and demonstrating how AI can augment these interactions, the study paves the way for future innovations in mental health treatment that harmonise technology and human empathy.
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Adolescent stress linked to adult obesity and hypertension
Recent research indicates a strong correlation between high stress levels experienced during adolescence and the subsequent development of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as obesity and hypertension, in adulthood.
Published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, this study underscores the necessity of implementing stress management techniques from an early age. These strategies are vital in reducing the likelihood of health issues later in life, including heart disease and Type 2 diabetes.
Dr. Fangqi Guo, the lead author of the study and a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Southern California’s Keck School of Medicine, emphasises the significance of understanding how stress perceived from childhood impacts the escalation of cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults. Dr. Guo’s findings reveal that long-term stress perception significantly influences various cardiometabolic aspects such as fat distribution, vascular health, and obesity. He stresses the importance of adopting stress management practices during adolescence to safeguard health.
Cardiometabolic risk factors, encompassing obesity, Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension, often co-occur and are major contributors to cardiovascular disease. In 2020, cardiometabolic diseases, including cardiovascular conditions and Type 2 diabetes, were leading chronic health issues in the U.S., accounting for approximately 25% of all deaths, as per the American Heart Association.
The American Heart Association’s 2017 report highlighted that childhood adversities have long-term effects on cardiometabolic health. In recent decades, perceived stress has also been increasingly recognised as a contributing factor to cardiometabolic health problems.
In this new investigation, researchers analysed data from 276 individuals participating in the Southern California Children’s Health Study. The participants, initially enrolled by their parents between 2003 and 2014 at an average age of six, underwent health assessments during adolescence and as young adults from 2018 to 2021. Their average ages during these assessments were 13 and 24 years, respectively.
Each assessment included responses to a four-item Perceived Stress Scale, a widely utilised method for assessing stress-related feelings and thoughts over the previous month. For the youngest participants, stress levels were reported by their parents. The participants were then categorised into four groups based on their stress patterns: consistently high, decreasing, increasing, and consistently low.
The study’s evaluation of cardiometabolic health involved various health measurements, such as blood pressure and weight. Researchers also examined neck artery thickness to assess blood flow, haemoglobin A1C levels to determine diabetes status, and body fat percentage, with a focus on abdominal fat, a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.
Participants who reported higher stress levels from their teenage years into adulthood were more prone to high blood pressure, increased total body fat, more abdominal fat, poorer vascular health, and a higher risk of obesity than those who experienced lower stress levels.
Dr. Guo expressed surprise at the consistency of the association between perceived stress patterns and various risk factors. He advocates for healthcare professionals to incorporate the Perceived Stress Scale in clinical assessments, allowing for early identification and treatment of individuals with elevated stress levels.
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Fasting regimen proves effective against obesity-induced cognitive decline
Researchers have recently explored the beneficial effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in a study published in Nutrients. They focused on mice subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) and examined the impacts of IF on brain health, particularly in the context of diabetic encephalopathy.
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are known for their adverse effects on cognitive functions, including memory impairment. These conditions often lead to increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), worsening neuroinflammation and memory issues. The disruption in the hippocampal BBB is now seen as an early indicator of diabetes-related cognitive decline.
The study highlighted the role of two proteins, lipocalin-2 (LCN2) and galectin-3 (GAL3), in obesity and T2D-related chronic inflammation. These proteins are believed to be involved in activating harmful immune responses in the diabetic brain through BBB leakage.
The researchers used a mouse model to understand how chronic IF could counteract neuroinflammation caused by LCN2 and GAL3, as well as reduce adipose tissue inflammation. Mice were divided into three groups: normal diet, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet followed by intermittent fasting. The IF group first received an HFD for eight weeks, followed by a regimen of alternating fasting for 22 weeks.
Various tests were conducted, including EchoMRI for body fat measurement, insulin and glucose tolerance tests, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for assessing serum protein levels. Additionally, apoptosis in white adipose tissues (WATs) was measured using the TUNEL assay, and the extent of BBB leakage in the hippocampus was also examined.
The study revealed that mice on a high-fat diet showed increased body weight, body fat, impaired glucose tolerance, and adipocyte death, alongside elevated levels of LCN2 and GAL3. However, intermittent fasting led to significant weight loss, improved insulin resistance, and reduced inflammation in the adipose tissue. This intervention also decreased serum levels of LCN2 and GAL3, reducing BBB leakage, neuroinflammation, and memory deficits.
In conclusion, the study posits that IF could be an effective alternative to continuous caloric restriction. It may improve insulin resistance, reduce adipose tissue inflammation, and mitigate metabolic dysfunctions in obesity and T2D, thereby protecting against cognitive impairment and memory deficits. The findings open new avenues for research into IF as a therapeutic strategy for managing obesity and T2D-related brain health issues.
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Obesity triggers neurodegeneration by inducing brain insulin resistance
In a pivotal study conducted by Mroj Alassaf and colleagues at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in the United States, a novel connection between obesity and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, has been uncovered.
The research, employing the biological model of the common fruit fly, indicates that diets high in sugar, which are commonly associated with obesity, lead to insulin resistance within the brain. This resistance hampers the brain’s capacity to eliminate cellular waste, which in turn elevates the risk of neurodegenerative conditions.
The findings, released on November 7 in the open-access publication PLOS Biology, promise to be influential in the development of medical interventions aimed at mitigating the chances of neurodegenerative disease onset.
While the correlation between obesity and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s has been acknowledged in scientific circles, the causal mechanisms at play have eluded researchers until now.
The team’s research delved into this conundrum by leveraging the genetic and physiological parallels between fruit flies and humans. Building on prior knowledge that a diet rich in sugar instigates insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues of fruit flies, the focus now shifted to their neural tissues. The study zoomed in on glial cells, as abnormalities in microglia are recognised contributors to neuronal decay.
The study measured the protein PI3k—a biomarker for insulin sensitivity in cells. The high-sugar diet was found to diminish PI3k levels in glial cells, suggesting a state of insulin resistance. The team also examined the fruit fly’s version of microglia, known as ensheathing glia, responsible for clearing out neuronal waste, including deteriorating axons.
These glial cells exhibited depleted levels of Draper, a protein integral to their waste-removal function, indicating a compromised ability. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that artificially reducing PI3k levels not only caused insulin resistance but also led to decreased Draper levels in the ensheathing glia. Moreover, when the team inflicted damage on olfactory neurons, the ensheathing glia of sugar-fed flies failed to clear the resulting neuronal debris due to their unresponsive Draper levels.
The researchers conclude by stating that their work with fruit flies has established that high-sugar diets induce insulin resistance in glial cells, which disrupts their neuronal cleanup role. This study sheds light on the potential pathways through which diets leading to obesity may elevate the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
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New research links early adolescent weight gain to higher depression risks in teen years
Recent studies indicate a strong correlation between elevated body mass index (BMI) in children and increased instances of depression during their teenage years. This correlation, as pinpointed in the comprehensive research conducted by King’s College London, has flagged early adolescence as a critical period wherein weight gain can significantly influence the onset of depressive symptoms later on in life.
The King’s College London team analysed data from over 10,000 twins born from 1994 to 1996, charting their height and weight at ages 12, 16, and 21 to determine their BMI. Additionally, the young participants filled out questionnaires that helped monitor depression symptoms such as feelings of loneliness, low moods, and exhaustion.
The insights derived from the research underscored a higher tendency among children with overweight to develop depression, a risk amplified the earlier in life they started to experience weight issues. Particularly, the span between 12 and 16 years was identified as a “sensitive point,” with weight gains during this period more strongly linked to later depression compared to gains between the ages of 16 and 21.
Senior co-author of the study, Thalia Eley, Professor of Developmental Behavioural Genetics, highlighted the significant role of early adolescence in the co-evolution of obesity and depressive tendencies. She further underscored the urgency of adopting a proactive approach to fostering positive body image and wellbeing, as opposed to merely focusing on weight, to thwart the onset of depression in later years.
Echoing these sentiments, the study’s principal author, Dr. Ellen Thompson emphasised the imperative need to unravel the intricacies of the mental health-weight nexus in adolescence to devise timely and effective support mechanisms. While the current study did not delve into the underlying causes of the observed relationship, earlier studies have pointed to factors like body dissatisfaction and external weight-related stigma as potent triggers.
In light of the increasing concerns around obesity and mental health disorders amongst the UK’s youth — a demographic where one-third have overweight or obesity by the time they finish primary school — the researchers propose that educational institutions integrate positive body image narratives in their curriculum.
These recommendations come against a backdrop of an alarming rise in child mental health crises, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, and sustained school closures which have put unprecedented demand on the NHS’s mental health services for young people. According to recent statistics, one in four older teenagers are grappling with “probable” mental health disorders, a spectrum that encompasses depression and anxiety symptoms.
Furthermore, the persistent pressures from social media and the bottleneck created by long waiting lists for accessing mental health services portray a grim landscape for the younger generation. The scholars behind the study press for urgent interventions to mitigate this rapidly spiralling crisis, urging for a renewed focus on promoting a healthy body image to stave off depression and foster mental wellbeing among youth.
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