Prenatal exposure to durable ‘forever chemicals’ may contribute to childhood obesity, study finds

A recent study backed by federal funding suggests that exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as ‘forever chemicals,’ during pregnancy is associated with higher body mass indices (BMIs) and increased risks of obesity in children.

The study, spearheaded by Brown University researchers, adds to the growing body of evidence that the consequences of exposure to PFAS begin even before birth, potentially predisposing children to health challenges later in life.

PFAS are a group of chemicals used in a variety of products such as water-repellent textiles, personal care items, firefighting foams, food packaging, and medical products, due to their oil and water-resistant properties. Their extremely stable structure means they can persist in the environment for thousands of years, earning them the nickname ‘forever chemicals’.

The research was carried out under the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program at the National Institutes of Health, employing a more extensive dataset compared to previous studies. Lead author Yun “Jamie” Liu, a postdoctoral research associate in epidemiology at the Brown University School of Public Health, stated that the study analysed eight research cohorts with varying demographics across the United States, making the findings more representative of the general population.

Using data collected over two decades involving 1,391 children aged between 2 and 5 years and their mothers, who were part of ECHO research sites in California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Colorado, New Hampshire, Georgia, and New York, the study examined blood samples taken from mothers during pregnancy. The levels of seven different PFAS were analysed, and children’s body mass indices were calculated.

The study revealed a correlation between higher levels of PFAS in the mothers’ blood during pregnancy and slightly elevated BMIs in children. This increased risk of obesity was consistent among both male and female children. Notably, these associations were evident even at relatively low levels of PFAS exposure.

Joseph Braun, the study’s senior author and a professor of epidemiology at Brown’s School of Public Health, highlighted the significance of these findings in contemporary contexts. He noted that despite the reduction in PFAS usage as manufacturers have phased them out due to health concerns, exposure during pregnancy could still pose risks. “This implies that children may continue to face risks of PFAS-related health issues,” Braun added.

Braun has been engaged in several studies examining the effects of PFAS on children’s health for over a decade. He believes that this kind of research can inform environmental policies and safety guidelines.

The research team aims to continue their investigations by exploring the relationships between maternal PFAS exposure and obesity-linked health outcomes in older children, eventually expanding to adolescents and adults.

The study received support from the ECHO program, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and the National Institute of General Medicine Sciences.